Moreover, the importance of having a comprehensive financial strategy cannot be overstated for those living with HIV/AIDS. It’s not just about meeting immediate medical costs but also ensuring that there are sufficient resources for other life goals, whether that’s purchasing a home, saving for retirement, or funding education for family members. The Exness accounts can play a crucial role in this broader financial planning landscape. With options that include high-yield savings accounts, investment accounts with access to global markets, and even retirement accounts, Exness offers the tools needed to build a diversified and resilient financial portfolio. By leveraging these financial services, individuals living with HIV/AIDS can create a financial plan that not only addresses their unique health needs but also supports their life goals and dreams, providing a sense of security and control over their future.

Overview of HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS is a global health issue that has impacted millions of lives around the world. HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body, making the person more likely to get infections or infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease, leading to the most severe phase of the HIV infection: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

AIDS is the stage of infection that occurs when the immune system is badly damaged and you become vulnerable to opportunistic infections. When the number of CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (200 cells/mm³), a person is diagnosed with AIDS. People with AIDS can have a high viral load and be very infectious. Without treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years.

The transmission of HIV is through body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. The most common ways HIV is transmitted are through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. The treatment for HIV is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). If taken as prescribed, ART can dramatically prolong the lives of many people infected with HIV, keep them healthy, and greatly lower their chance of infecting others. Before the introduction of ART in the mid-1990s, people with HIV could progress to AIDS in a few years. Today, someone diagnosed with HIV and treated before the disease is far advanced can live nearly as long as someone who does not have HIV.

Prevention methods include safe sex practices, needle exchange programs to reduce the risk of infection through needle sharing, and treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a preventive treatment for HIV-negative individuals at high risk of HIV infection, which significantly reduces the risk of getting HIV.

HIV/AIDS and Its Impact on Financial Planning

The diagnosis of HIV/AIDS significantly affects an individual’s financial planning and economic stability. Living with HIV/AIDS involves navigating a complex array of medical, emotional, and financial challenges. Here’s how HIV/AIDS impacts financial planning:

1. Medical Expenses

The cost of ongoing medical care, including antiretroviral therapy (ART), regular doctor visits, and other related health services, can be substantial. Even with health insurance, copayments, deductibles, and medication costs can create financial strain. For those without insurance or with limited coverage, these expenses are even more daunting. Financial planning must account for these continuous healthcare costs to ensure that individuals can afford their treatment without compromising on the quality of care.

2. Income Stability

Individuals living with HIV/AIDS may face periods of reduced work capacity due to health issues, affecting their ability to earn an income. Fluctuations in work ability mean that financial planning needs to include strategies for income replacement during times of illness, such as disability insurance or an emergency fund. The uncertainty regarding long-term work capacity makes it crucial to plan for different scenarios where income might be affected.

3. Insurance Considerations

Life and health insurance become critical elements in financial planning for individuals with HIV/AIDS. Navigating insurance options can be complex, given that insurance providers may have different policies regarding coverage for HIV/AIDS patients. It’s important to understand the specifics of what is covered and what isn’t, especially when it comes to treatment and medication costs. Moreover, securing life insurance can be challenging and expensive, necessitating a search for policies specifically designed for those living with HIV/AIDS.

4. Retirement and Long-Term Planning

Planning for retirement requires special consideration, as individuals living with HIV/AIDS might face early retirement due to health issues. This means there are fewer years to contribute to retirement savings and potentially more years relying on those savings. It’s important to start retirement planning early, considering options such as employer-sponsored retirement plans, IRAs, and other investment vehicles that can provide long-term growth.

5. Estate Planning

Estate planning, including wills, health care proxies, and power of attorney, becomes paramount for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Ensuring that assets are distributed according to one’s wishes and that there are clear directives for health care decisions in case of incapacity is essential. This aspect of financial planning not only secures the individual’s legacy but also provides peace of mind.

6. Support and Resources

Leveraging community resources, government programs, and non-profit organizations can provide financial relief and support. Programs exist to help cover the cost of medications, provide housing assistance, and offer financial planning services. Being informed about available support can alleviate some of the financial burdens.

The intersection of HIV/AIDS with financial planning underscores the need for a comprehensive and flexible financial strategy that accommodates the unique challenges faced by individuals living with this condition. Professional financial advisors familiar with these challenges can be invaluable in navigating the complexities of financial planning for those impacted by HIV/AIDS.

Importance of Financial Planning for Individuals Living With HIV/AIDS

Financial planning takes on an added layer of importance for individuals living with HIV/AIDS, primarily because it helps navigate the complexities of healthcare costs, income stability, and ensuring long-term security amidst the uncertainties posed by the condition. Here are key reasons why financial planning is crucial for those affected by HIV/AIDS:

Managing Healthcare Costs

One of the most significant financial implications of living with HIV/AIDS is the ongoing cost of healthcare. Antiretroviral therapy (ART), regular medical check-ups, and treatment for opportunistic infections or other health issues that arise can be expensive. Effective financial planning helps individuals allocate resources wisely to cover these costs, ensuring continuous access to necessary treatments without financial hardship. Additionally, planning can help identify and utilize available healthcare programs and insurance benefits to reduce out-of-pocket expenses.

Preparing for Income Fluctuations

Individuals living with HIV/AIDS might experience periods when they are unable to work, either due to illness or required medical treatments. Financial planning allows for the creation of a safety net, such as an emergency fund, which can be invaluable during times of reduced income. Moreover, exploring disability insurance and understanding its benefits can provide a backup income stream, ensuring financial stability even when unable to work.

Ensuring Long-term Financial Security

The need for long-term financial security becomes more pronounced for those living with HIV/AIDS. Retirement planning, for example, must be approached with care, considering the possibility of early retirement and the need for a possibly extended retirement period. Investing in retirement accounts, understanding the nuances of social security benefits, and considering other investment options are critical steps in securing one’s financial future.

Insurance Planning

Navigating the complexities of insurance, including health, life, and disability insurance, is crucial. Individuals must assess their coverage needs accurately, considering the potential for high healthcare expenses and the importance of securing life insurance to protect loved ones. Financial planning helps in evaluating and choosing the right insurance policies that cater to the specific needs of those living with HIV/AIDS.

Estate and Legacy Planning

Estate planning ensures that an individual’s assets are distributed according to their wishes and that decisions regarding their health and finances can be made by trusted individuals if they become unable to do so themselves. This includes drafting wills, setting up trusts, and making healthcare directives. For individuals living with HIV/AIDS, this aspect of financial planning is critical for protecting their legacy and ensuring their wishes are respected.

Accessing Support and Resources

A comprehensive financial plan for someone living with HIV/AIDS should also include strategies for leveraging community resources, governmental assistance programs, and non-profit organizations. These resources can offer financial assistance, support services, and educational resources that can alleviate some of the financial burdens associated with treatment and care.

Effective financial planning for individuals living with HIV/AIDS not only addresses immediate and long-term financial needs but also provides a sense of control and peace of mind. By taking proactive steps to manage finances, individuals can focus more on their health and well-being, rather than worrying about financial instability. It’s advisable to work with financial professionals who understand the unique challenges faced by those living with HIV/AIDS to create a comprehensive financial plan tailored to their specific needs.

Tips for Financial Planning of HIV/AIDS

Financial planning for individuals living with HIV/AIDS involves unique challenges that require careful consideration and strategic planning. Here are practical tips to help navigate financial planning effectively:

Understand Healthcare Costs

• Stay Informed About Treatment Options: Keep abreast of the latest HIV/AIDS treatments and their costs. This information can help you plan for current and future medical expenses.
• Maximize Insurance Benefits: Review your health insurance policy to understand what treatments, medications, and services are covered. Consider supplemental insurance if your current coverage is insufficient.

Build a Comprehensive Emergency Fund

• Aim to save at least 6 to 12 months’ worth of living expenses in an accessible savings account. This fund can cover unexpected medical costs or living expenses during periods when you’re unable to work.

Invest in the Right Insurance

• Health Insurance: Ensure you have the best possible coverage for your medical needs. Shop around during open enrollment periods to find the best plans.
• Disability Insurance: Consider short-term and long-term disability insurance to provide income if you’re unable to work due to your health.
• Life Insurance: Look into life insurance policies that cater to individuals with HIV/AIDS to provide for your dependents.

Plan for Retirement

• Start planning for retirement early, considering that you might face early retirement. Contribute to retirement savings accounts like IRAs or employer-sponsored plans to ensure you have funds to support yourself in the later stages of life.

Manage Debt Wisely

• Keep debt under control to avoid financial strain. Prioritize paying off high-interest debts and consider consolidating debts to lower interest rates if possible.

By focusing on these areas, individuals living with HIV/AIDS can develop a more secure financial foundation, despite the uncertainties that come with the condition. This proactive approach not only addresses immediate financial needs but also lays the groundwork for long-term security and peace of mind.

Conclusion

Living with HIV/AIDS presents unique challenges, not just in terms of health, but also when it comes to financial planning. The importance of a tailored financial strategy for individuals facing this condition cannot be overstated. It is about ensuring that healthcare costs do not become a crippling burden, maintaining financial stability in the face of potential income fluctuations, and securing a future that accounts for both immediate needs and long-term aspirations.

By understanding healthcare costs, building a robust emergency fund, investing in appropriate insurance coverage, planning for retirement, managing debt, engaging in estate planning, seeking professional advice, leveraging support networks, staying flexible, and investing in personal health, individuals living with HIV/AIDS can navigate the financial complexities that accompany the condition. Each of these strategies plays a critical role in building a financial plan that not only addresses the unique challenges posed by HIV/AIDS but also supports a fulfilling and secure life.

The post Financial Planning for Those Living with HIV/AIDS appeared first on I2.0 As11.

Over time, living with HIV/AIDS requires individuals to navigate a complex journey of coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies to manage not just the physical symptoms of the disease, but also the psychological burdens that accompany them. The chronic nature of HIV/AIDS means individuals must continually engage with their health management, which can be a constant reminder of their condition and fuel ongoing mental health struggles such as anxiety and chronic depression. However, it’s also important to recognize the resilience and strength many people demonstrate in facing these challenges. Support systems, including counseling, community support groups, and effective medical care, play a crucial role in helping individuals cope with the psychological impact of HIV/AIDS, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach to treatment and support.

Definition of HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, which help the body fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body, making the person more likely to get infections or infection-related cancers. Over time, as the virus destroys more CD4 cells, the body becomes less able to fight off infections and disease, leading to the development of AIDS, the late stage of HIV infection.

AIDS is the condition under which the immune system has been severely damaged by the HIV virus. People with AIDS are at high risk for many infections that healthy individuals can fight off, known as opportunistic infections. The diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person with HIV has one or more of these infections and a low number of CD4 cells in their blood. While there is currently no cure for HIV, with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. The treatment for HIV is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). If taken as prescribed, ART can dramatically prolong the lives of many people with HIV, keep them healthy, and greatly lower their chance of transmitting the virus to others.

Psychological Factors Associated with HIV/AIDS

The psychological factors associated with living with HIV/AIDS are diverse and impact both the mental health and overall well-being of affected individuals. These factors can be broadly categorized into emotional responses, social and relational issues, stigma and discrimination, and coping mechanisms.

1. Emotional Responses: Individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS often experience a range of emotional reactions including fear, shock, anger, denial, and sadness. The diagnosis can lead to anxiety about the future, depression due to the changes and losses experienced, and feelings of guilt or shame associated with the condition. These emotional responses can fluctuate over time, influenced by the individual’s health status, social support, and personal resilience.
2. Social and Relational Issues: The impact of an HIV/AIDS diagnosis extends beyond the individual to affect their relationships with family, friends, and partners. Concerns about disclosing their status, fear of rejection, and actual experiences of isolation can significantly affect social interactions and lead to loneliness and social withdrawal. The dynamics of romantic relationships can also be affected, with concerns about sexual intimacy, transmission to partners, and the ability to have children.
3. Stigma and Discrimination: Stigma, both self-imposed and societal, is a significant psychological burden for people living with HIV/AIDS. Discrimination in healthcare, workplace, and community settings can exacerbate feelings of isolation, depression, and low self-esteem. This stigma can deter individuals from seeking the medical care, social support, and treatment adherence necessary for managing their condition effectively.
4. Coping Mechanisms: Individuals living with HIV/AIDS often develop various coping strategies to manage the psychological and emotional challenges posed by their condition. These can include seeking support from friends, family, or support groups; engaging in therapeutic practices like counseling or psychotherapy; focusing on physical health through exercise and nutrition; and finding meaning or purpose through advocacy, volunteering, or spiritual practices. The effectiveness of these coping mechanisms can greatly influence one’s quality of life and ability to manage the disease.

Understanding and addressing these psychological factors are crucial for the holistic care of individuals living with HIV/AIDS. It emphasizes the need for integrated healthcare approaches that encompass mental health support, social services, and medical treatment to improve the overall well-being and health outcomes for those affected by HIV/AIDS.

Importance of Understanding Psychological Impact

Understanding the psychological impact of living with HIV/AIDS is crucial for several reasons, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive approach to care that addresses both the physical and mental health needs of individuals affected by the virus.

• Enhanced Quality of Life: Recognizing and addressing the psychological aspects of HIV/AIDS can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals living with the condition. By providing mental health support alongside medical treatment, individuals can better cope with the emotional burdens and stressors associated with the diagnosis, leading to improved overall well-being.
• Improved Treatment Adherence: The psychological state of an individual can greatly influence their motivation and ability to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and other treatment regimens. Depression, anxiety, and stress can hinder treatment adherence, resulting in poorer health outcomes. By supporting mental health, individuals are more likely to remain engaged in their treatment plans, leading to better control of the virus and a reduction in the risk of transmission.
• Reduced Stigma and Discrimination: Understanding the psychological impact of HIV/AIDS can contribute to reducing stigma and discrimination associated with the condition. Education and awareness efforts that address misconceptions and fears about HIV/AIDS help foster empathy and support for affected individuals, encouraging a more inclusive and compassionate society.
• Supports Social and Relational Well-being: Addressing the psychological impact of HIV/AIDS supports the social and relational well-being of affected individuals. By providing tools and resources for managing stress, anxiety, and depression, individuals can maintain healthier relationships with family, friends, and partners. Social support is a critical factor in managing chronic conditions, and enhancing it can lead to more robust support networks.
• Encourages Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Understanding and mitigating the psychological barriers to testing and treatment can encourage more people to seek early diagnosis and engage with treatment services. Fear of stigma and discrimination, along with the emotional shock of a potential diagnosis, can deter individuals from getting tested for HIV. By addressing these concerns, public health initiatives can increase rates of early detection and treatment, improving outcomes and reducing the spread of the virus.

In summary, the comprehensive understanding and management of the psychological impact of HIV/AIDS are essential components of effective care. By integrating mental health services with medical treatment and social support, healthcare providers can offer holistic and patient-centered care that addresses the full spectrum of needs for individuals living with HIV/AIDS, ultimately leading to better health outcomes and a higher quality of life.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the psychological impact of living with HIV/AIDS encompasses a broad spectrum of emotional, social, and mental health challenges that significantly affect the lives of those diagnosed with the virus. Recognizing the profound influence these factors have on individuals’ well-being underscores the necessity of a holistic approach to treatment and support. By integrating mental health services, social support systems, and stigma reduction efforts into HIV/AIDS care, healthcare providers and communities can enhance the quality of life for individuals living with the virus. 

Furthermore, such an approach promotes better treatment adherence, reduces the transmission of HIV, and encourages early diagnosis and engagement with care. Ultimately, addressing the psychological impact of HIV/AIDS is not just about managing a medical condition; it’s about affirming the dignity, rights, and well-being of individuals, fostering resilience, and building compassionate communities. This comprehensive approach to care ensures that individuals living with HIV/AIDS can lead fulfilling lives, marked not by their condition, but by their courage, strength, and the support they receive.

The post The Psychological Impact of Living with HIV/AIDS appeared first on I2.0 As11.

The Intersection of HIV Awareness and Digital Platforms

In the digital age, the fight against HIV/AIDS is increasingly moving online, leveraging the reach and influence of digital platforms to foster awareness, education, and support. This intersection between HIV awareness and digital platforms presents a unique opportunity to engage with a wider audience, particularly the younger generation, who spend a significant amount of their time online. Through websites, social media, and online games, information about HIV prevention, treatment, and living with the virus is more accessible than ever.

The Role of Online Games in Education

In an innovative approach to education and awareness, digital platforms such as online games have begun to incorporate themes related to health and wellness, including HIV prevention. An example of this is the game “Rocket”, which, while primarily a game of chance and strategy, also offers an opportunity to engage players in discussions around health topics. The game’s page, doesn’t explicitly educate about HIV but represents the potential of digital platforms to influence public health awareness positively. Such games can serve as a starting point for broader conversations about health, demonstrating the power of entertainment in raising awareness.

The Impact of Digital Media on HIV Awareness

Digital media, including social networks, blogs, and online games, plays a critical role in disseminating information and combating HIV-related stigma. By providing accessible, engaging content, these platforms can reach a wide audience, offering education in a format that resonates with the digital generation. The challenge lies in ensuring that the information shared is accurate, scientifically valid, and contributes positively to the discourse surrounding HIV.

The Myths Surrounding HIV

Misunderstandings and misinformation have long fueled the stigma surrounding HIV, leading to unnecessary fear and discrimination. Two of the most enduring myths about HIV are that it is a death sentence and that it can be transmitted through casual contact. Both of these misconceptions stem from a lack of awareness and understanding of the virus, its transmission, and the advances in treatment.

Myth 1: HIV Is a Death Sentence

One of the most pervasive myths is that being diagnosed with HIV is equivalent to a death sentence. This misconception stems from the early days of the AIDS epidemic when treatment options were limited. Today, thanks to advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can lead long, healthy lives. ART works by reducing the virus’s load in the body to undetectable levels, which not only helps in maintaining the health of the individual but also significantly reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to others.

Myth 2: HIV Can Be Transmitted Through Casual Contact

Another common myth is the belief that HIV can be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing utensils. HIV is transmitted through specific bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. The virus cannot survive long outside the human body, making it impossible to contract HIV through casual, non-sexual contact.

The Reality of HIV Infection

The reality of HIV infection today is far different from the early days of the AIDS epidemic. Modern advancements in medical research have transformed HIV from a once fatal diagnosis to a manageable chronic condition. This section aims to shed light on the current understanding of HIV transmission, prevention strategies, and what it means to live with HIV in today’s world.

Understanding Transmission and Prevention

HIV is primarily spread through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Preventive measures include the use of condoms during sexual activity, regular HIV testing, and, for those at high risk, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication. Awareness and education are key components in preventing the spread of HIV and ensuring that individuals take the necessary precautions to protect themselves and others.

Living with HIV

With the right treatment and care, individuals living with HIV can maintain their health and live productive lives. Regular medical care, adherence to prescribed ART, and healthy lifestyle choices are essential for managing the virus. Additionally, mental health support and community resources can provide valuable support to those affected, helping to combat stigma and isolation associated with the diagnosis.

Addressing Stigma Through Education and Understanding

Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV remain significant barriers to prevention and treatment. Education plays a crucial role in changing perceptions and encouraging a compassionate, supportive approach to HIV. By debunking myths and spreading accurate information, society can move towards a more inclusive and understanding stance on HIV/AIDS.

Conclusion

The battle against HIV/AIDS is fought on multiple fronts, from the medical field to public perceptions. By debunking myths and focusing on the realities of HIV, we can foster a more informed, compassionate society. Education, particularly through innovative and engaging platforms, is crucial in this endeavor, offering hope and support to those affected by HIV. As we continue to advance in our understanding and treatment of the virus, it’s imperative that our attitudes and beliefs evolve as well, paving the way for a world where HIV no longer carries the weight of misconception and stigma.

The post Understanding HIV Infection: Myths and Reality appeared first on I2.0 As11.

PEP includes the following steps:

• first aid;
• counseling and HIV risk assessment;
• HIV testing after obtaining informed consent;
• depending on the degree of assessed risk, a short course (28 days) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with support and follow-up.

HCT is performed both in case of occupational exposure to HIV or a high probability of such exposure, and in case of accidental exposure that is not related to professional activities. If a person has had sexual contact that was accompanied by violence, condom damage or slippage, accidental needle stick, accidental contact with blood (contact with mucous membranes, damaged skin, etc.), it is necessary to receive medical PrEP as soon as possible within the first hours after contact, without waiting for test results, optimally up to 2 and no later than 72 hours after contact. The optimal duration of PrEP is 28 days.

The risk of HIV infection during sexual violence may be higher than during consensual sex, as trauma increases the risk of HIV transmission. The risk of infection also increases in the presence of STIs (both in the active and passive partner), as well as if an adolescent girl is subjected to sexual violence (immaturity of vaginal and cervical cells increases susceptibility to HIV infection). First aid after a possible exposure to HIV should be provided immediately after the exposure to reduce the time of contact with infected biological fluids (including blood) and tissues.

In case of a needle or other sharp instrument injury, the procedure is as follows:

• Immediately wash the area of contact with soap and water.
• Hold the wounded area under running water for several minutes or until bleeding stops to allow blood to flow freely from the wound.
• If there is no running water, treat the injured area with a disinfectant gel or handwashing solution.
• Do not use harsh substances such as alcohol, bleaching liquids, and iodine, as they can cause irritation of the wounded surface and worsen the condition of the wound. Do not squeeze or rub the injured area. Do not suck blood from the wound that remains after the injection.

The post Post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV appeared first on I2.0 As11.

HIV treatment main directions:

• etiotropic treatment – antiretroviral therapy;
• immunomodulatory therapy;
• treatment of infectious diseases, antibiotic therapy;
• treatment of neoplasms.

Immunomodulatory therapy is one of the main therapeutic areas and includes replacement and immunostimulatory treatment.

Immunosubstitution therapy involves bone marrow transplantation and lymphocyte transfusion.

Immunostimulatory therapy is carried out with medications.

Antitumor treatment of HIV consists of radiation and special pharmacotherapy.

Patients with immunodeficiency virus are under dispensary observation for life, regardless of the stage of the disease.

In this case, regular laboratory examination is carried out, analyzing the clinical manifestations of the disease to monitor the course of the infectious process and the functional state of the immune system.

Of primary importance in preventing the spread of HIV is the promotion of a healthy lifestyle (avoidance of alcohol and drugs) and proper sexual behavior (use of condoms, limitation of sexual partners).

Specific HIV prevention using vaccination is only at the stage of development.

When an HIV-infected patient stays at home, family members should observe the necessary sanitary and hygienic regime:

• regular wet cleaning of the premises;
• the toilet and bathroom should be treated with disinfectants;
• linen must be boiled;
• cutting objects and scissors should be treated with alcohol if possible, etc.

The post HIV treatment main areas of focus appeared first on I2.0 As11.

ART aims to

• Reducing plasma HIV RNA levels to an undetermined value (i.e., < 20-50 copies/mL)
• Restoring CD4 cell counts to normal levels (immune reconstitution or restoration)

ART is usually effective if patients take their medications > 95% of the time.

If treatment is unsuccessful, drug susceptibility (resistance) assays are performed to all available drugs. Genotype assays are also helpful in diagnosis.

Many patients living with HIV infection are treated with a combination regimen that involves taking multiple pills. With the availability of new HIV combination drugs, many patients could benefit from simplifying their ART regimen, guided by DNA Archive Genotype Testing.

Antiretroviral drug classes

Many classes of antiretroviral drugs are used as part of ART. 2 classes inhibit HIV entry, others inhibit one of the three HIV enzymes required for replication within the human cell; all 3 classes inhibit reverse transcriptase, blocking its RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.

Classes of antiretroviral drugs

Many classes of antiretroviral drugs are used as part of ART. 2 classes inhibit HIV entry, others inhibit one of the three HIV enzymes required for replication within the human cell; all 3 classes inhibit reverse transcriptase, blocking its RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity.

• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are phosphorylated active metabolites that compete to penetrate viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme on the principles of competition and stop the synthesis of DNA strands.
• Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme on the principles of competition, just like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, but do not require initial phosphorylation.
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
• Protease inhibitors inhibit the viral protease enzyme, which is critical for the maturation of immature HIV virions after they bud off from host cells.
• Entry inhibitors, sometimes called fusion inhibitors, interfere with the attachment of HIV to CD4+ and parallel chemokine receptors; this attachment is required for HIV to enter cells. For example, CCR-5 inhibitors block the CCR-5 receptor.
• Post-joining inhibitors bind to the cell’s CD4 receptor and prevent HIV (which also binds to the CD4 receptor) from entering the cell.
• Integrase inhibitors prevent HIV DNA from being integrated into human DNA.
• The attachment inhibitors bind directly to viral envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) near the CD4+ binding site, which prevents the conformational changes necessary for the initial interaction between the virus and surface receptors on CD4 cells, thereby preventing attachment and subsequent entry of the virus into host T cells and other immune cells.

The post Antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection appeared first on I2.0 As11.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests getting tested:

• all people from 13 to 64 years old;
• pregnant women at the first visit to a gynecologist and additionally in the third trimester if they are at increased risk;
• everyone who comes to be checked for other sexually transmitted diseases;
• annually for sexually active men who have sex with other men, if the man or his partner has had sexual contact with another person since the last test;
• annually for people at high risk.

What is an elevated risk? The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (like most other organizations) believe that the risk is elevated in

• men who have sex with other men;
• people who have had vaginal or anal sex with an HIV-positive person;
• those who have had more than one partner since their last test;
• those who inject illegal substances and share the necessary items with other users of illegal substances;
• those who have sex for money;
• those who have been diagnosed with another sexually transmitted disease;
• those who have been diagnosed with hepatitis or tuberculosis;
• those who have had sex with someone who could report that at least one of the above items is true.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all people aged 15 to 56 (and all others at increased risk) should be tested for HIV. But the question is: at what interval should you be tested? The group suggests repeating testing if a person has risk factors. In addition to those specified by the CDC, the group also includes people who receive medical care in medical centers with many patients with HIV, as well as in correctional facilities and homeless shelters.

The British recommendation is to test people living in places where HIV is spread every year. If a person has other factors, they should be tested more often. Pregnant women are also offered a test.

The World Health Organization believes that people who have certain risk factors should be tested for HIV. The same applies to their partners. If the risk remains, they should be tested at least once a year.

The post How often should I be tested for HIV? appeared first on I2.0 As11.

Every year the number of people with terminal stages of HIV infection (AIDS itself), which causes mortality, is growing. Therefore, in order to reduce the number of AIDS patients and prevent the spread of the infection among the population, timely detection and treatment of HIV-infected persons, especially in the early stages of the disease, is important, which is facilitated by their diagnosis by the manifestations of HIV/AIDS on the skin.

According to the WHO classification (2006), there are four stages in the course of HIV/AIDS with the following skin manifestations:

Clinical stage I:
Asymptomatic course.
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy.

Clinical stage II:
Moderate unmotivated weight loss (up to 10%).
Herpes zoster.
Papular itchy dermatitis.
Seborrheic dermatitis.
Fungal lesions of the nails.

Clinical stage III:
Weight loss (>10%), chronic diarrhea, fever, anemia, severe bacterial infections (pneumonia, meningitis, gingivitis, etc.).
Oral candidiasis.
Hairy leukoplakia of the tongue.

Clinical stage IV:
Wasting syndrome (HIV cachexia).
Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Chronic viral infection.

After infection with the immunodeficiency virus, the disease is usually asymptomatic for a long time. Manifestations of the first clinical stage may include enlarged lymph nodes (generalized lymphadenopathy) without affecting the general condition of infected individuals.

With the development of the second clinical stage of HIV infection, characteristic changes occur on the skin and mucous membranes, which are manifestations of infectious and non-infectious dermatoses. For example, the earliest and most common sign of HIV infection is herpes zoster, a viral skin disease that in HIV-infected individuals is manifested by a significant number of blisters that occur against the background of redness and swelling of the skin, are accompanied by sharp pain, tend to widespread skin damage, often become suppurative, are difficult to treat, and can recur, leaving scarring of the skin.

One of the earliest manifestations of HIV infection can be papular pruritic dermatitis in the form of widespread (on the trunk, extremities) small nodular elements of pinkish-red color with a bloody crust in the center, accompanied by itching.

The first symptom of HIV infection can be seborrheic dermatitis of the face in the form of redness and flaking on the forehead, cheeks and nose in the form of a “butterfly”. In the future, dermatosis can spread to other areas (trunk, buttocks, thighs) with complications of pustular rash.

An early manifestation of HIV infection is fungal nail disease – onychomycosis. The nail plates become dull, thickened, and fragile. Due to immunodeficiency, all nail plates of both feet and hands are rapidly affected.

During the third clinical stage, every second HIV-infected person is diagnosed with oral candidiasis, which develops in the form of whitish layers on the mucous membranes of the tongue and cheeks and is characterized by resistance to fungicidal therapy.

One of the most characteristic manifestations of HIV infection is hairy leukoplakia of the tongue, which occurs on the lateral surfaces of the tongue in the form of single gray-white plaques up to 3 cm in diameter with thin keratotic processes (in the form of hairs) on their surface.

At the final (fourth) stage of HIV infection, which is actually called AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Kaposi’s sarcoma develops on the skin and mucous membranes, along with chronic viral infection (recurrent herpes of the face, genitals, etc.), in the form of plaques and nodules of deep dark bluish, brown or black color with a smooth shiny surface. The features of Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients are the location of the rash on the upper torso, upper extremities, face, and oral mucosa, as well as a tendency to rapid disintegration with the formation of ulcers and early metastasis to internal organs.

Thus, dermatologic manifestations of HIV/AIDS can include a variety of infectious and non-infectious dermatoses, which, in the context of immunodeficiency, acquire a severe clinical course. For the purpose of early detection and timely treatment of HIV-infected persons, knowledge of dermatological manifestations of HIV/AIDS is necessary not only for infectious disease specialists and dermatovenereologists, but also for general practitioners – family medicine and other medical specialists.

The post Dermatological manifestations of HIV appeared first on I2.0 As11.

HIV is transmitted only from person to person. Only humans can be infected with HIV. Once it enters the body, HIV very quickly penetrates blood cells – lymphocytes, which have receptors that have an affinity for HIV, the so-called “CD4+ T lymphocytes”. Some other blood cells (monocytes and macrophages), cells of the central nervous system, rectum, cervix, etc. also have such receptors. Due to the affinity of the virus surface proteins and cell receptors, HIV enters the cytoplasm of the cell. Then, thanks to the reverse transcriptase enzyme, the formation of proviral DNA takes place from viral RNA.

The viral DNA is “embedded” in the genetic material (DNA) of the host cell. After that, the host cell perceives the virus DNA as “native”. The virus becomes part of the cell and remains so until the cell dies. During its life, a cell infected with HIV produces new copies of the virus, releases them into the plasma, other biological fluids and secretions. This reproduction process is called viral replication. New copies of the virus come out of the infected cell, spread in the body, invade other cells, infect them and start reproducing new copies.

During the formation of new viruses, “mistakes” called mutations often occur. The variability of the pathogen leads to the fact that some drugs used to treat HIV infection lose their ability to act on the enzymes of the virus, i.e., the virus develops resistance or resistance to this drug. In order to avoid the development of drug resistance in the treatment of HIV infection, it is necessary to use a combination of several drugs at the same time.

Virus resistance in the environment

• In the environment, when lymphoid cells infected with HIV are dried, viral activity disappears within a few days.
• When cell-free fluid is dried with the addition of human plasma, the virus dies at a temperature of 23-27°C in 7 days.
• In a liquid medium at 23-27°C, the virus remains active for 15 days, and at 36-37°C – 11 days.
• In blood intended for transfusion, the virus survives for years, and in frozen serum, its activity persists for up to 10 years.
• HIV dies quickly when using disinfectants, ultraviolet radiation; when heated above 56°C, it loses activity in 30 minutes.

Swollen lymph nodes are one of the early signs of HIV infection. Lymph nodes the size of a pea or larger usually do not bother a person. Enlargement of the lymph nodes is not associated with acute illnesses and lasts for 3 months or more.

Increased size of the liver and spleen are often observed in people with HIV infection. A pronounced increase in the size of these organs can lead to an increase in the size of the abdomen. Liver enlargement associated with HIV infection is usually not accompanied by the appearance of yellow coloration of the skin and sclerae.

Impaired physical development is manifested by a slowdown in the rate of weight gain and height.

Impaired physical development in the progression of HIV infection leads to the development of wasting syndrome, which is characterized by a loss of more than 10% of body weight, fever and stool disorders for 30 days or more.

Skin lesions are often observed in HIV infection. They can be caused by allergies and various infectious pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses).
However, one of the symptoms of HIV infection is an increase (swelling) of the parotid salivary glands. This condition is usually not accompanied by fever and soreness.

The direct effect of HIV on the cells of the nervous system leads to the development of HIV encephalopathy.

The progressive dysfunction of the immune system in HIV infection leads to the fact that microorganisms and viruses – natural inhabitants of the environment (that do not cause disease in people with normal immune system function) – cause diseases in the patient, which are called opportunistic infections (opportunist – opportunist).

One of the manifestations of HIV infection is the appearance of tumors (Kaposi’s sarcoma, malignant lymphoma or lymphosarcoma).

The post Manifestations of HIV infection appeared first on I2.0 As11.

HIV affects the white cells in the blood, which leads to a weakened immune system. This increases the likelihood of developing diseases such as tuberculosis, infectious diseases, and some types of cancer.

HIV is transmitted through various body fluids of infected people, including blood, breast milk, seminal fluid, and vaginal secretions. Transmission does not occur through kissing, hugging, or sharing food. HIV can also be passed from mother to child.

HIV infection is treatable and preventable with antiretroviral therapy (ART). If untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, often many years after infection.

HIV infection is a preventable disease.

The risk of HIV infection can be reduced by:

• using male or female condoms during sex;
• getting tested for HIV and sexually transmitted infections;
• having voluntary medical male circumcision;
• Participating in harm reduction programs for injecting drug users.

To prevent HIV infection, physicians can provide guidance on the use of medications and medical devices such as:

• antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), including oral DAAs and long-acting drugs;
• vaginal rings with dapivirine;
• long-acting injectable cabotegravir.

ARVs can also be used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

People on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who have no evidence of the virus in their blood do not transmit HIV to their sexual partners. Ensuring access to testing and ART is an important part of HIV prevention.

The post Prevention of HIV infection appeared first on I2.0 As11.